| |
1 |
Thallus growing on rock, bark, wood, soil or
bryophytes |
2 |
1: |
Thallus growing on fern fronds, or on the leaves of
shrubs or trees |
179 |
| |
|
|
2(1) |
Primary photobiont blue-green; ascospores hyaline |
3 |
2: |
Primary photobiont green; cyanobiont lacking or
segregated in cephalodia; ascospores hyaline or brown |
11 |
| |
|
|
3(2) |
Ascospores simple |
4 |
3: |
Ascospores transversely septate to muriform |
9 |
| |
|
|
4(3) |
Asci with 16–24 ascospores; thallus minutely filamentous, dark olive-green to
blackish, tufted to areolate; cyanobiont Scytonema;
filaments 1–2 mm long, 30–60 µm wide; apothecia to 0.4 mm diam.; disc plane,
dark brown to black; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple absent;
paraphyses anastomosing; asci cylindrical to clavate; ascospores ellipsoidal
to subglobose, 7–12 × 5–8 µm; chemistry: nil |
Zahlbrucknerella calcarea |
4: |
Asci with 8 ascospores |
5 |
| |
|
|
5(4:) |
Cyanobiont single-celled or colonial,
Chroococcidiopsis or Gloeocapsa;
thallus crustose to minutely squamulose, blackish, gelatinous when wet;
cortex poorly developed, paraplectenchymatous; ascomata perithecioid
apothecia; disc pore-like to urceolate, red-brown to blackish; thalline
margin prominent; proper exciple poorly developed to almost absent; hymenium
amyloid to hemiamyloid, hamathecium of simple to sparingly branched
paraphyses; asci unitunicate, with an amyloid tholus; ascospores globose to
ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Pyrenopsis |
5: |
Cyanobiont trichal, Nostoc, Scytonema or Stigonema |
6 |
| |
|
|
6(5:) |
Thallus dwarf-fruticose to fruticose; cyanobiont
Scytonema or Stigonema |
7 |
6: |
Thallus small-foliose to subcrustose; cyanobiont
Nostoc |
8 |
| |
|
|
7(6) |
Thallus blue-green to violet-brown, dichotomously branched, corticate; cyanobiont Scytonema; apothecia lateral, sessile,
to 1.5 mm diam.; disc red-brown; proper exciple paler; thalline margin
lacking; paraphyses thick, branched; ascospores ellipsoidal, 9–13 × 5.5–7 µm |
Polychidium contortum |
7 |
Thallus blackish; branches µterete, to 4 mm
long, to 50 µm wide, comprising filaments of Stigonema surrounded by a network of hyphae, ecorticate;
apothecia lateral, sessile, to 1 mm diam.; thalline margin lacking; disc
convex; paraphyses thick, branched; ascospores ellipsoidal, 7–9 × 2.5–3.5 µm |
Spilonema paradoxum |
| |
|
|
8(6:) |
Apothecia with a thalline margin |
Pannaria s. lat. |
8: |
Apothecia lacking a thalline margin |
Parmeliella |
| |
|
|
9(3:) |
Cyanobiont Scytonema or Stigonema; thallus crustose, often with a prominent blackish
prothallus; ascospores 2–7-septate; proper exciple dark-pigmented;
epihymenium greenish to brown-violet; hypothecium brownish; asci with amyloid
tube structures, of Peltigera-type;
conidia bacilliform to bifusiform; chemistry: nil |
Placynthium |
9: |
Cyanobiont Nostoc |
10 |
| |
|
|
10(9:) |
Apothecia zeorine; ascospores transversely septate to muriform; thallus small-foliose
to foliose |
Leptogium |
10: |
Apothecia biatorine, frequently coalescing; ascospores 1-septate,
fusiform, 17–22 × 6–8 µm; thallus small-fruticose |
Wawea fruticulosa |
| |
|
|
11(2:) |
Photobiont chlorococcoid |
12 |
11: |
Photobiont trentepohlioid |
150 |
| |
|
|
12(11) |
Ascospores brown |
13 |
12: |
Ascospores hyaline |
29 |
| |
|
|
13(12) |
Ascospores muriform |
14 |
13: |
Ascospores simple or with transverse septa only |
17 |
| |
|
|
14(13) |
Hymenium and asci non-amyloid; paraphyses simple
and lax |
15 |
14: |
Hymenium and asci amyloid; paraphyses µbranched and
anastomosing |
16 |
| |
|
|
15(14) |
Asci 2-spored; proper exciple replaced by pigmented
degenerated hymenium; thallus
areolate, ochraceous, covered by an epinecral layer; ascomata lecideine
apothecia; disc open to urceolate, brown to blackish; asci unitunicate;
ascospores broadly ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil |
Ingvariella bispora |
15: |
Asci 4–8-spored; proper exciple
paraplectenchymatous; thallus
rimose to areolate, whitish grey, greenish grey or dark grey, covered by an
epinecral layer; ascomata perithecioid, with urceolate discs or wide open and
lecanorine; disc brown to blackish; asci unitunicate; ascospores ellipsoidal
to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides and
ß-orcinol depsidones |
Diploschistes |
| |
|
|
16(14:) |
Asci lacking a tholus; paraphyses simple to
sparingly reticulate, with distinct pigmented caps; thallus verrucose or indistinct; apothecia dark
brown to blackish; proper exciple brownish, paraplectenchymatous; epihymenium
brownish; hypothecium yellowish to brown; asci 1-spored, of Lopadium-type; ascospores hyaline to
brown, muriform, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia unknown;
chemistry: atranorin |
Lopadium |
16: |
Asci with a tholus; paraphyses richly branched and
anastomosing, without pigmented caps;
thallus areolate, greenish yellow to yellow-green, white, grey, brown or
rusty red, usually with a black prothallus; apothecia black, between or in
areoles; proper exciple brownish with paler inner part; epihymenium brown or
green, often containing anthraquinones (K+ red); hypothecium yellowish to
dark brown; asci 1–8-spored, of Rhizocarpon-type;
ascospores hyaline to brown, 1-septate to muriform, ellipsoidal to broadly
ellipsoidal, usually halonate; conidia bacilliform to acicular; chemistry:
aliphatic substances, orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, pulvinic acid
derivatives |
Rhizocarpon |
| |
|
|
17(13:) |
Ascus tholus faintly amyloid; paraphyses simple to
sparingly or richly branched and anastomosing; ascospores halonate or
non-halonate |
18 |
17: |
Ascus tholus strongly amyloid; paraphyses simple to
sparingly branched, not anastomosing; ascospores non-halonate |
19 |
| |
|
|
18(17) |
Ascospores simple, with
internal ring-like wall thickening which may resemble a septum, hyaline to
brown; thallus areolate with a blackish prothallus; apothecia black,
epruinose; proper exciple dark brown; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses
simple to sparingly branched and anastomosing; asci weakly amyloid; apex
surrounded by diffuse amyloid gel; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Orphniospora moriopsis |
18: |
Ascospores with transverse septa [see 16:] |
Rhizocarpon |
| |
|
|
19(17:) |
Ascospore walls thin to evenly thickened |
20 |
19: |
Ascospore walls thick, multilayered |
22 |
| |
|
|
20(19) |
Ascospore walls thin; thallus rimose; apothecia sessile, with blackish
discs; thalline margin absent; true margin blackish; epihymenium brown to
dark brown; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses sparingly branched and
thickened apically, asci of Lecanora-type;
ascospores 1-septate, ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown |
Rinodinella halophila |
20: |
Ascospore walls evenly thickened |
21 |
| |
|
|
21(20:) |
Conidia filiform; thallus rimose to subsquamulose, whitish, grey or brown; apothecia sessile;
thalline margin present or absent; proper exciple inconspicuous and hyaline
to well-developed and blackish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium dark brown to
yellowish; paraphyses branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores 1-septate,
ellipsoidal; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones or nil |
Amandinea |
21: |
Conidia bacilliform; thallus rimose, areolate or
placodioid, whitish, grey, brown
or yellowish; apothecia sessile or immersed (cryptolecanorine), blackish;
thalline margin prominent, thick or thin, absent when immersed; proper
exciple inconspicuous and hyaline to well-developed and blackish; epihymenium
brown to olive-green; hypothecium dark brown to yellowish; paraphyses
branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type; ascospores
1-septate to submuriform, ellipsoidal to fusiform; chemistry: depsides,
depsidones, xanthones. [Throughout
Australia
; corticolous,
saxicolous and terricolous; c. 66/c. 400 spp.; cosmopolitan |
Buellia s. lat. |
| |
|
|
22(19:) |
Thallus small-foliose, effigurate or placodioid, sometimes minutely so (use hand lens!) |
23 |
22: |
Thallus crustose, not effigurate |
26 |
| |
|
|
23(22) |
Apothecia lecideine |
24 |
23: |
Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine |
25 |
| |
|
|
24(23) |
Thallus terricolous, indistinctly placodioid, whitish grey; ascospore walls uniformly thin |
Buellia s. lat. |
24: |
Thallus saxicolous, distinctly placodioid to
small-foliose, whitish grey to
grey; ascospore walls unevenly thickened; ascomata brown to blackish, with
thick blackish margins; disc red-brown to blackish; paraphyses simple,
capitate; asci of Lecanora-type;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones,
diphenylether, bis-xanthones |
Diploicia |
| |
|
|
25(23:) |
Thallus crustose, effigurate; ascospore walls
uniformly thin to slightly thickened;
hypothecium hyaline to dark; apothecia lecanorine to biatorine or lecideine
(but cryptolecanorine when young); disc dark brown to blackish; paraphyses
simple, capitate; asci of Bacidia-type;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, ß-orcinol
depsidones, usnic acid, xanthones |
Dimelaena |
25: |
Thallus subcrustose to small-foliose, lobed, at
least at the margin; ascospore walls unevenly thickened; hypothecium pale to dark brown; thallus whitish
to pale grey, with or without soralia; lower surface dark brown, with
rhizines; apothecia lecanorine; disc reddish brown, frequently white- or
purple-pruinose; paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal;
chemistry: depsides, terpenes, xanthones |
Dirinaria |
| |
|
|
26(22:) |
Ascospore walls uniformly thickened |
27 |
26: |
Ascospores walls unevenly thickened |
28 |
| |
|
|
27(26) |
Conidia filiform [see 21] |
Amandinea |
27: |
Conidia bacilliform [see 21:] |
Buellia s. lat. |
| |
|
|
28(26:) |
Ascospores of Callispora-type; apothecia lecideine; thallus thin, grey or brown; proper exciple
brownish-pigmented; epihymenium brown to blackish; hypothecium dark brown;
paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores acutely
ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides,
depsidones |
Hafellia |
28: |
Ascospores of other types; apothecia lecanorine to
lecideine; thallus grey or brown;
proper exciple hyaline to brownish-pigmented; epihymenium brown to blackish;
hypothecium hyaline or brown to blackish; paraphyses simple to sparingly
branched apically, thickened apically; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform;
chemistry: depsides, depsidones |
Rinodina |
| |
|
|
29(12:) |
Asci with 16 or more ascospores30 |
30 |
29: |
Asci with 1–8 (–16) ascospores |
39 |
| |
|
|
30(29) |
Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine |
31 |
30: |
Apothecia biatorine or lecideine |
34 |
| |
|
|
31(30) |
Asci with 16–32 ascospores |
32 |
31: |
Asci with at least 50, but usually more than 100
ascospores |
33 |
| |
|
|
32(31) |
Thallus yellowish, containing pulvinic acid derivatives; apothecia yellowish; thalline
margin persistent; proper exciple indistinct; hypothecium hyaline;
epihymenium yellow-brown, granular; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched
and thickened apically; asci of Lecanora-type;
conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform |
Candelariella |
32: |
Thallus brown, glossy, containing unidentified substances; apothecia brownish;
proper exciple indistinct; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brown; paraphyses
simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Lecanora-type; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform |
Maronina australiensis |
| |
|
|
33(31:) |
Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, dark brown to
blackish; thallus corticolous,
thin, continuous to rimose, green-grey to brownish; thalline margin of
apothecia well-developed, 25–100 µm thick; proper exciple poorly developed;
paraphyses sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal;
conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Maronea constans |
33: |
Apothecia cryptolecanorine, immersed, hyaline or
grey; thallus saxicolous or terricolous, areolate to subsquamulose, yellow or brown to grey; thalline margin
of apothecia indistinct; proper exciple absent; paraphyses simple to
sparingly branched, commonly moniliform; asci non-amyloid; ascospores globose
to ellipsoidal; conidia globose to ellipsoidal; chemistry: orcinol depsides,
ß-orcinol depsidones, pulvinic acid derivatives |
Acarospora |
| |
|
|
34(30:) |
Apothecia biatorine |
35 |
34: |
Apothecia lecideine |
36 |
| |
|
|
35(34) |
Apothecia lacking crystals, K–; thallus thin; apothecia pale pinkish or pale
reddish brown, sessile; proper exciple hyaline, paraplectenchymatous;
epihymenium yellowish to red-brown; hypothecium yellowish; paraphyses simple,
branched apically; asci of different types; ascospores globose to
bacilliform; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown |
"Biatorella" |
35: |
Apothecia covered with orange to red crystals or
whitish, K+ purple or K–; thallus
thin; apothecia sessile; proper exciple with radiating paraplectenchymatous
hyphae; epihymenium brown to red-brown, interspersed with crystals; hypothecium
pigmented; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci with an amyloid tholus,
relatively thick-walled; ascospores globose; conidia globose to broadly
ellipsoidal; chemistry: anthraquinones and unknown substances |
Piccolia |
| |
|
|
36(34:) |
Apothecia immersed; thallus grey to brown, glossy,
areolate; prothallus distinct,
blackish; proper exciple brownish black or µabsent; epihymenium brown to
olive-brown; hypothecium brown; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci of Catillaria-type; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform;
chemistry: orcinol depsides |
Sporastatia |
36: |
Apothecia sessile; thallus not glossy, not areolate |
37 |
| |
|
|
37(36:) |
Apothecial disc umbonate, often becoming gyrose;
hamathecium of richly branched and anastomosing paraphyses; thallus thin; apothecia black; proper exciple
carbonised at margin; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; asci
similar to Aspicilia-type;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil |
Polysporina |
37: |
Apothecial disc not umbonate or gyrose; hamathecium
of simple paraphyses |
38 |
| |
|
|
38(37:) |
Apothecial disc plane, often pruinose; thallus thin; apothecia black; proper exciple
carbonised at margin; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; asci similar to Aspicilia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal;
chemistry: nil |
Sarcogyne |
38: |
Apothecial disc becoming strongly convex, epruinose; thallus thin, scurfy, membranous or
leprose; apothecia red-brown to black; proper exciple rudimentary to
well-developed and cupular, not carbonised; asci Aphanopsis-type; ascospores subglobose to globose; conidia
ellipsoidal or not seen; chemistry: nil |
Steinia |
| |
|
|
39(29:) |
Ascospores with 1 or more transverse septa, or
polarilocular, or muriform |
40 |
39: |
Ascospores simple |
82 |
| |
|
|
40(39) |
Ascospores polarilocular, with 2 or more locules |
41 |
40: |
Ascospores transversely septate to muriform;
ascospore wall thin or thickened |
43 |
| |
|
|
41(40) |
Epihymenium K–, lacking anthraquinones; ascospores
with 2 locules; thallus crustose,
grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish; apothecia sessile; proper exciple
prosoplectenchymatous, hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium
hyaline to brown; hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses simple
to sparingly branched apically; asci of Fuscidea-type;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones,
triterpenoids, usnic acid |
Megaloblastenia |
41: |
Epihymenium K+ violet, containing anthraquinones;
ascospores with 2 or more locules |
42 |
| |
|
|
42 (41:) |
Ascospores with 2 (1 sp. with 3) locules; asci of
Teloschistes-type, 8-spored;
thallus crustose to placodioid, yellow-orange, whitish, grey or black, K– or
K+ violet; apothecia yellow to red, brown or black; thalline margin and
proper exciple present or absent; epihymenium usually interspersed with
crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to branched and thickened
apically; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform;
chemistry: anthraquinones, usnic acid and unknowns |
Caloplaca |
42: |
Ascospores with more than 2 locules; asci of
Letrouitia-type, 2–8-spored;
thallus greenish, olive or yellowish orange, K– or K+ violet; apothecia
biatorine, orange to red; epihymenium yellowish brown, interspersed with
crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to branched apically;
ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform;
chemistry: anthraquinones |
Letrouitia |
| |
|
|
43(40:) |
Ascospores with 1 septum |
44 |
43: |
Ascospores with more than 1 septum |
58 |
| |
|
|
44(43) |
Hymenial gel non-amyloid; paraphyses simple; thallus effuse, gelatinous when moist; apothecia
with urceolate discs, whitish to pale yellow, c. 0.2 mm diam.; proper exciple
pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to yellowish; asci cylindrical,
thin-walled but with a distinct tholus, 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal;
conidia unknown; chemistry: nil |
Absconditella delutula |
44: |
Hymenial gel amyloid; paraphyses simple or branched |
45 |
| |
|
|
45(44:) |
Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine |
46 |
45: |
Apothecia biatorine or lecideine or lacking a margin |
48 |
| |
|
|
46(45) |
Thallus squamulose; asci of Catillaria-type;
ascospores non-halonate; apothecia
sessile; thalline margin present or becoming excluded; proper exciple
pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium brown;
paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia
ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, depsidones and unknowns |
Solenopsora |
46: |
Thallus crustose; asci of different types;
ascospores halonate or non-halonate |
47 |
| |
|
|
47(46:) |
Ascospores halonate; asci of Catillaria-type; apothecia sessile to subimmersed; thalline margin
present or µabsent; proper exciple thin; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium
red-brown; paraphyses sparingly branched, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal;
conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, triterpenoids |
Halecania australis |
47: |
Ascospores non-halonate; asci of Bacidia-type; apothecia sessile; thalline margin present;
proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium
brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, capitate; ascospores
ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides |
Lecania |
| |
|
|
48(45:) |
Apothecia lacking a margin |
49 |
48: |
Apothecia with a proper exciple, at least when
young |
50 |
| |
|
|
49(48) |
Asci thick-walled, amyloid except for apical pore;
hymenial gel lacking; thallus goniocystal; apothecia roundish to irregular; no distinct hypothecium or
epihymenium formed; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores simple
to transversely septate; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil |
Vezdaea |
49: |
Asci with a distinct tholus, amyloid, with amyloid
ring structure in tholus; hymenial gel present; thallus effuse (some species
goniocystal); apothecia roundish,
sessile; hypothecium hyaline or pigmented; epihymenium variously coloured;
paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores simple to transversely
septate; conidia of different shapes; chemistry: benzyl esters, depsides,
depsidones, diphenyl ethers, xanthones |
Micarea |
| |
|
|
50(48:) |
Ascospores halonate; paraphyses richly branched and
anastomosing; growing on siliceous rocks [see 16:] |
Rhizocarpon |
50: |
Ascospores non-halonate; paraphyses simple or
branched; growing on various substrata |
51 |
| |
|
|
51(50:) |
Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; ascospores
relatively thick-walled, 30–165 µm
long; thallus grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish, sessile; proper exciple
prosoplectenchymatous, hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium
hyaline to brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Megalospora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal;
conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid |
Megalospora |
51: |
Hymenium clear; ascospores thin-walled |
52 |
| |
|
|
52(51:) |
Apothecia yellowish to pale orange-brown |
53 |
52: |
Apothecia red-brown to dark brown or blackish |
54 |
| |
|
|
53(52) |
Asci of Bacidia-type; apothecia biatorine or
zeorine, sessile; proper exciple
well-developed, of radiating hyphae, containing small crystals; hypothecium
hyaline; paraphyses simple or sparingly branched; ascospores narrowly
ellipsoidal to bacilliform, 1 (–3)-septate; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry:
aliphatic compounds, depsides, depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid |
Cliostomum |
53: |
Asci of Fellhanera-type; apothecia biatorine, sessile; proper exciple paraplectenchymatous;
hypothecium hyaline to brown; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores
narrowly ellipsoidal to bacilliform, 1-septate to multiseptate; conidia bottle-shaped; chemistry: triterpenoids,
usnic acid |
Fellhanera |
| |
|
|
54(52:) |
Asci of Catillaria- or Lecanora-type |
55 |
54: |
Asci of Bacidia-type |
56 |
| |
|
|
55(54) |
Asci of Catillaria-type; paraphyses with distinct
external pigment caps; ascospores <20 µm long; thallus immersed to areolate, greyish to
blackish; apothecia sessile; proper exciple persistent, of radiating hyphae;
hypothecium hyaline to brown, ascospores thin-walled; conidia ellipsoidal to
bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Catillaria |
55: |
Asci of Lecanora-type; paraphyses lacking distinct
external pigment caps; ascospores >20 µm long; thallus immersed to effuse, greyish; apothecia
biatorine, sessile; proper exciple persistent, of radiating hyphae;
hypothecium hyaline to brown; ascospores thick-walled; conidia ellipsoidal to
bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Megalaria |
| |
|
|
56(54:) |
Photobiont a species of Trentepohlia; ascospores
halonate; conidia bacilliform |
Catinaria |
56: |
Photobiont a species of Trebouxia; ascospores
non-halonate; conidia ellipsoidal or filiform |
57 |
| |
|
|
57(56:) |
Paraphyses sparingly branched, thickened apically,
usually with pigmented caps; conidia filiform; thallus crustose to squamulose, grey, whitish,
greenish or brownish, thin to thick; apothecia biatorine, black, often
pruinose; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to dark
brown; epihymenium grey, green or brown; ascospores 1–9-septate, ellipsoidal
to acicular; chemistry: unknowns |
Toninia |
57: |
Paraphyses richly branched, not thickened apically,
lacking pigmented caps; conidia ellipsoidal; thallus crustose, whitish, rather thick; apothecia biatorine, black,
epruinose; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to pale
brown; epihymenium dark brown; ascospores simple or 1-septate, narrowly
ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides and depsidones |
Tylothallia pahiensis |
| |
|
|
58(43:) |
Ascospores muriform |
59 |
58: |
Ascospores with transverse septa only |
65 |
| |
|
|
59(58) |
Hymenial gel and asci non-amyloid (or asci faintly
amyloid) |
60 |
59: |
Hymenial gel and asci amyloid or hemiamyloid |
61 |
| |
|
|
60(59) |
Paraphyses simple; asci 1–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse; hyphophores absent;
apothecia biatorine or zeorine, brown; proper exciple of radiating hyphae;
hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil |
Gyalidea |
60: |
Paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; asci
2–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse,
often with hyphophores; apothecia biatorine, brown to blackish; proper
exciple of anastomosing hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal;
chemistry: nil |
Gyalideopsis |
| |
|
|
61(59:) |
Epihymenium K+ violet; apothecia containing
anthraquinones |
62 |
61: |
Epihymenium K–; apothecia lacking anthraquinones |
63 |
| |
|
|
62(61) |
Thallus whitish or grey, lacking anthraquinone;
asci 1 (–2)-spored; apothecia
sessile with a thick proper exciple, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline
to brown; paraphyses branched apically; asci clavate-cylindrical,
thick-walled with a distinct amyloid tholus; conidia bacilliform to
subfusiform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, triterpenoids, usnic acid |
Brigantiaea |
62: |
Thallus yellowish, containing anthraquinones, K– or
K+ violet; asci 2–8-spored [see
42:] |
Letrouitia |
| |
|
|
63(61:) |
Ascospores halonate [see 16:] |
Rhizocarpon |
63: |
Ascospores non-halonate |
64 |
| |
|
|
64(63:) |
Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses
lacking pigmented caps; thallus
grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish, with blackish margins, sessile; proper exciple
hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses
simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform;
chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids |
Austroblastenia pupa |
64: |
Hymenium clear; paraphyses with pigmented caps [see 16] |
Lopadium |
| |
|
|
65(58:) |
Hymenial gel non-amyloid |
66 |
65: |
Hymenial gel amyloid |
70 |
| |
|
|
66(65) |
Thallus citrine yellow to bright yellow; juvenile
phase sometimes parasitic on other lichens |
67 |
66: |
Thallus whitish grey, brown or almost lacking,
parasitic or free-living |
68 |
| |
|
|
67(66) |
Thallus areolate, terricolous; juvenile thalli
sometimes parasitic on Baeomyces spp.; apothecia blackish, sessile or between areoles, urceolate to plane;
proper exciple of lax hyphae; pseudoparaphyses branched and anastomosing;
hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; asci cylindrical, 8-spored,
bitunicate; ascospores cylindrical to acicular, 7–12-septate; chemistry:
pulvinic acid derivatives |
Arthrorhaphis |
67: |
Thallus leprose, corticolous or saxicolous, not
parasitic; apothecia very rare, yellowish; apothecial margin thin, soon becoming excluded; proper exciple
poorly developed, hyaline; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses branched and
anastomosing; asci broadly clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate; ascospores obovoid
to ellipsoidal, hyaline, 3-septate; chemistry: pulvinic acid derivatives |
Chrysothrix candelaris |
| |
|
|
68(66:) |
Thallus parasitic on Baeomyces spp. [see 67] |
Arthrorhaphis |
68: |
Thallus not parasitic |
69 |
| |
|
|
69(68:) |
Paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing [see 60:] |
Gyalideopsis |
69: |
Paraphyses simple [see 60] |
Gyalidea |
| |
|
|
70(65:) |
Apothecia lecanorine; disc red to red-brown; thallus whitish to grey;
apothecia subimmersed to sessile; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple
reduced; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium granular, red-brown to red or
orange-brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Haematomma-type; ascospores fusiform
to acicular; conidia filiform to bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, dibenzofurans,
naphthoquinones |
Haematomma |
70: |
Apothecia biatorine, zeorine, lecideine or
immarginate |
71 |
| |
|
|
71(70:) |
Apothecia immarginate; thallus byssoid; apothecia yellowish grey; margin excluded from a
very early stage; paraphyses conglutinate and heavily anastomosing; asci
8-spored, of Bacidia-type;
ascospores filiform-acicular with 2–4 septa; pycnidia unknown; chemistry:
depsidones and usnic acid |
Jarmania tristis |
71: |
Apothecia with a proper exciple; thallus crustose
to squamulose or small-foliose |
72 |
| |
|
|
72(71:) |
Ascospores halonate; paraphyses richly branched and
anastomosing; ascus tholus faintly amyloid [see 16:] |
Rhizocarpon |
72: |
Ascospores non-halonate; paraphyses sparingly
branched; ascus tholus amyloid |
73 |
| |
|
|
73(72:) |
Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; ascospores
3-septate, ellipsoidal, with thick septa [see 64] |
Austroblastenia pauciseptata |
73: |
Hymenium clear; ascospores with various numbers of
thin septa, ellipsoidal to filiform |
74 |
| |
|
|
74(73:) |
Thallus squamulose to subfoliose |
75 |
74: |
Thallus crustose |
76 |
| |
|
|
75(74) |
Thallus subfoliose; apothecia zeorine, containing
divaricatic and alectorialic acids; corticolous; thallus greenish grey, isdiate or not; apothecia
constricted at base; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium
hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown; paraphyses relatively thick, not
thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type;
ascospores 1–3-septate, filiform; conidia filiform |
Physcidia australasica |
75: |
Thallus squamulose; apothecia biatorine, containing
unknown compounds or lacking secondary metabolites; saxicolous or terricolous [see 57] |
Toninia |
| |
|
|
76(74:) |
Asci of Fellhanera-type (with tube-like structures) |
77 |
76: |
Asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type |
79 |
| |
|
|
77(76) |
Apothecial margin byssoid [see 194] |
Byssoloma |
77: |
Apothecial margin well-defined, not byssoid |
78 |
| |
|
|
78(77:) |
Ascospores acicular to filiform; apothecial disc
pale yellow to orange-brown;
conidia bottle-shaped [see 53:] |
Fellhanera |
78: |
Ascospores ellipsoidal to bacilliform; apothecial
disc dark brown to blackish;
apothecia sessile; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline
to dark brown; epihymenium brown or greenish; paraphyses sparingly branched
and thickened apically; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: unknown |
Mycobilimbia auct. |
| |
|
|
79(76:) |
Proper exciple poorly developed, consisting of
paraphysis-like hyphae; ascospores spirally twisted; asci of Lecanora-type; thallus thin; apothecia sessile; hypothecium
hyaline; epihymenium hyaline or brownish, granulose or not; paraphyses
reticulately branched; conidia: macroconidia rod-shaped; microconidia curved;
chemistry: nil |
Scoliciosporum |
79: |
Proper exciple well-developed; ascospores variable;
asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type |
80 |
| |
|
|
80(79:) |
Proper exciple of thin-walled pseudoparenchymatous
cells; asci of Lecanora-type;
apothecia sessile, biatorine, pale pink or pale orange to dark brown,
epruinose; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium hyaline to brownish;
paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores acicular to bacilliform; conidia
various; chemistry: nil |
Bacidina |
80: |
Proper exciple of thick-walled paraplectenchymatous
cells; asci of Bacidia-type (closely related genera; distinction uncertain) |
81 |
| |
|
|
81(80:) |
Proper exciple composed of furcate hyphae; thallus
crustose, on various substrata;
apothecia sessile, biatorine or lecideine, pale pink or pale orange to dark
brown or black, epruinose or slightly pruinose; hypothecium hyaline to brown;
epihymenium hyaline to brownish; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores
acicular to bacilliform or fusiform; conidia various; chemistry: depsides,
triterpenoids; most species lacking secondary metabolites |
Bacidia |
81: |
Proper exciple composed of anastomosing hyphae;
thallus crustose to squamulose, saxicolous or terricolous [see 57:] |
Toninia |
| |
|
|
82(39:) |
Apothecia yellow to red, K+ violet or K– |
83 |
82: |
Apothecia not yellow to red, K– |
89 |
| |
|
|
83(82) |
Epihymenium K+ violet, containing anthraquinones |
84 |
83: |
Epihymenium K–, lacking anthraquinones |
87 |
| |
|
|
84(83) |
Apothecia lecanorine, sessile; ascospores simple or
1-septate; thallus subsquamulose;
squamules scattered to placodioid, often with schizidia; ascospores
ellipsoidal to pyriform, occasionally 1-septate; conidia simple, bacilliform |
Fulgensia |
84: |
Apothecia biatorine; ascospores simple; thallus
crustose |
85 |
| |
|
|
85(84:) |
Asci and hymenium non-amyloid or slightly amyloid;
hymenium interspersed with granules and oil droplets; thallus continuous or areolate, grey; apothecia
sessile; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellow-brown to reddish brown,
granular; paraphyses simple, thickened apically; ascospores ellipsoidal;
conidia bacilliform to falcate; chemistry: anthraquinones |
Miltidea ceroplasta |
85: |
Asci and hymenium strongly amyloid; hymenium clear |
86 |
| |
|
|
86(85:) |
Asci of Porpidia-type; thallus on limestone, grey to brownish or immersed; apothecia sessile
or immersed; proper exciple poorly developed, prosoplectenchymatous;
hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; epihymenium orange-brown, granular;
paraphyses sparingly branched; asci 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal to
globose; conidia unknown; chemistry: anthraquinones |
Protoblastenia |
86: |
Asci of Lecanora-type; thallus on bark, grey or whitish to yellowish; apothecia sessile
to immersed; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to
brown; epihymenium red-brown to orange-brown, granular; paraphyses simple to
sparingly branched; asci 8 (–16)-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia
filiform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones, usnic acid,
xanthones |
Pyrrhospora |
87(83:) |
Ascospores ornamented with transverse ridges and
furrows; asci of Fellhanera-type;
thallus goniocystal or with globose isidia, greyish green; apothecia
biatorine, orange, constricted at the base; disc plane; proper exciple
pseudoparenchymatous, brownish yellow, containing K+ yellowish granules,
initially prominent, evanescent; paraphyses simple with swollen apices;
ascospores broadly ellipsoidal, sometimes 1-septate when immature; chemistry:
not known |
Malcolmiella |
87: |
Ascospores not ornamented; asci not of
Fellhanera-type |
88 |
| |
|
|
88(87:) |
Apothecia immarginate or with a thin proper exciple; thallus leprose to leprose-granular; apothecia
sessile; proper exciple indistinct, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline
to brown; epihymenium hyaline to yellow-brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly
branched and anastomosing; asci of Micarea-type;
ascospores oblong-ovoid to dacryoid; conidia unknown; chemistry: depsides,
dibenzofurans, pulvinic acid derivatives, terpenoids |
Psilolechia |
88: |
Apothecia lecanorine; thallus verrucose [see 32] |
Candelariella |
| |
|
|
89(82:) |
Apothecia lacking a margin |
90 |
89: |
Apothecia with a proper exciple or thalline margin |
92 |
| |
|
|
90(89) |
Thallus byssoid; apothecia pale cream to pinkish; exciple absent or excluded from a
very early stage; epihymenium pale yellow-brown; hypothecium hyaline;
paraphyses sparingly branched; asci 8-spored, of Micarea-type; ascospores bacilliform to globose; conidia
ellipsoidal; chemistry: atranorin, ß-orcinol depsidones |
Roccellinastrum |
90: |
Thallus crustose |
91 |
| |
|
|
91(90:) |
Thallus leprose to leprose-granular [see 87] |
Psilolechia |
91: |
Thallus not leprose [see 49:] |
Micarea |
| |
|
|
92(89:) |
Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine |
93 |
92: |
Apothecia biatorine or lecideine |
109 |
| |
|
|
93(92) |
Ascospores usually >30 µm long, often
thick-walled; paraphyses reticulately branched or simple; hypothecium
hyaline, of same structure as proper exciple |
94 |
93: |
Ascospores usually smaller and thin-walled;
paraphyses simple to branched; hypothecium of various colours, usually of
different structure to proper exciple |
96 |
| |
|
|
94(93) |
Ascomata apothecioid with a pseudodisc, but opening
via a pore-like ostiole only and having lateral paraphyses; thallus
verrucose, containing cephalodia;
proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline; paraphyses
simple; asci non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform;
chemistry: depsidones |
Coccotrema |
94: |
Ascomata apothecioid or perithecioid, with open
discs or with pore-like ostiole; lateral paraphyses absent; thallus lacking
cephalodia; paraphyses reticulately branched |
95 |
| |
|
|
95(94:) |
Hymenial gel and asci amyloid; ascospore wall single-layered; thallus verrucose; proper exciple thin,
prosoplectenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline to yellowish brown; ascospores
ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, depsides,
depsidones, xanthones |
Ochrolechia |
95: |
Hymenial gel non-amyloid; asci amyloid, ascospore
wall single or 2-layered; thallus
verrucose; proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline to
yellowish brown; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia bacilliform;
chemistry: aliphatic acids, benzyl esters, depsides, depsidones, depsones,
xanthones |
Pertusaria |
| |
|
|
96(93:) |
Hymenial gel non-amyloid or faintly amyloid; paraphyses
either moniliform or not conglutinate |
97 |
96: |
Hymenial gel amyloid; paraphyses conglutinate |
102 |
| |
|
|
97(96) |
Paraphyses not conglutinate; apothecia lecanorine |
98 |
97: |
Paraphyses moniliform; apothecia cryptolecanorine |
99 |
| |
|
|
98(97) |
Thallus placodioid, with cephalodia; apothecia sessile to (sub)immersed; proper
exciple well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown;
asci of Trapelia-type, but
non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: ß-orcinol
depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones |
Placopsis |
98: |
Thallus crustose, lacking cephalodia; apothecia sessile; proper exciple well-developed;
hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown; asci of Trapelia-type, faintly amyloid;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: ß-orcinol
depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones |
Trapelia |
| |
|
|
99(97:) |
Thallus very thin, continuous to rimose, aquatic; apothecia immersed; proper exciple reduced;
hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown to red-brown; asci of Hymenelia-type; ascospores broadly
ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Ionaspis lacustris |
99: |
Thallus thin to thick, areolate or effigurate,
rarely aquatic |
100 |
| |
|
|
100(99:) |
Thallus lobate at margin, white, greyish or brownish; proper exciple
reduced; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline; asci cylindrical,
4–8-spored; ascospores broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry:
ß-orcinol depsidones |
Lobothallia radiosa |
100: |
Thallus not lobate at margin |
101 |
| |
|
|
101(100:) |
Thallus with grey to dark red-brown cephalodia
between areolae, pale yellow-grey
to yellowish brown, C+ pink; ascus tholus partly amyloid; thalline margin and
proper exciple poorly developed; epihymenium brown to green; hypothecium
hyaline to pale brown; asci 8-spored, elongate-clavate; ascospores
ellipsoidal, 20–40 × 9–18 µm; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol
depsides |
Amygdalaria pelobotryon |
101: |
Thallus lacking cephalodia, white, greyish or brownish; ascus tholus
non-amyloid; thalline margin and proper exciple poorly developed; epihymenium
brown to green; hypothecium hyaline to yellowish brown; asci 4–8-spored,
clavate to cylindrical; ascospores ellipsoidal to globose; conidia
bacilliform to ellipsoidal; chemistry: fatty acids, ß-orcinol depsidones,
terpenoids |
Aspicilia |
| |
|
|
102(96:) |
Apothecia cryptolecanorine; asci of Porpidia-type; thallus areolate; thalline margin thin,
indistinct; proper exciple poorly developed; paraphyses slightly thickened
apically; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal,
halonate; perispore (halo) amyloid; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol
depsidones (norstictic acid chemosyndrome) |
Bellemerea alpina |
102: |
Apothecia lecanorine; asci of other types |
103 |
| |
|
|
103(102) |
Apothecia with prominent marginal hairs; thallus inconspicuous or verrucose, on soil and
mosses |
Psoroma |
103: |
Apothecia lacking marginal hairs |
104 |
| |
|
|
104(103:) |
Ascospores curved, spiralled in the ascus; asci of
Ophioparma-type; thallus pale;
apothecia zeorine; thalline layer evanescent in some species (then apothecia
appearing lecideine); proper exciple hyaline, of radiating hyphae,
interspersed with granules; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium
brownish to blackish; hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses
simple, not conglutinate; ascospores simple (3–7-septate in non-Australian
species); conidia rod-shaped; chemistry: depsides (thamnolic acid
chemosyndrome) |
Sarrameana |
104: |
Ascospores neither curved nor spiralled in the
ascus; asci not of Ophioparma-type |
105 |
| |
|
|
105(104:) |
Apothecial disc black; hymenium often violaceous;
hypothecium dark; thallus crustose
to subfruticose, whitish to grey; apothecia lecanorine or lecideine; proper
exciple thin or (in lecideine species) thick; hypothecium brown to dark
brown; epihymenium purple to blackish green; paraphyses sparingly branched;
ascus of Biatora-type; ascospores
ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: aliphatic acids,
depsides, depsidones, usnic acid |
Tephromela |
105: |
Apothecial disc not black; hymenium hyaline;
hypothecium hyaline to brown |
106 |
| |
|
|
106(105:) |
Thallus subsquamulose, yellowish green, on soil; apothecia zeorine, sessile, constricted at the
base; disc orange-brown, slightly grey-pruinose; thalline margin corticate;
proper exciple cupulate; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium greyish brown,
granulose; paraphyses sparingly branched apically; asci of Biatora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal;
conidia bacilliform; chemistry: meta-depsides, usnic acid |
Ramalinora glaucolivida |
106: |
Thallus not subsquamulose or yellowish green; not
growing on soil |
107 |
| |
|
|
107(106:) |
Thallus umbilicate, squamulose or placodioid, yellowish, white or pale brown, apothecia adnate
to stipitate; disc flesh-coloured, yellowish, brown or black, plane to
convex, with or without pruina; thalline margin bi-layered; asci 8-spored;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia not known; chemistry: psoromic and usnic
acids, µzeorin |
Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca |
107: |
Thallus crustose to placodioid |
108 |
| |
|
|
108 (107:) |
Thallus pale to medium brown, containing
lobaric acid, rimose to areolate; apothecia sessile, constricted at base;
thalline margin persistent; proper exciple cupulate; hypothecium hyaline;
epihymenium brown to red-brown; paraphyses sparingly branched; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal;
conidia bacilliform; chemistry: lobaric acid |
Protoparmelia badia |
108: |
Thallus of various colours, usually not brown, not
containing lobaric acid; apothecia
immersed, sessile or constricted at base; thalline margin usually present,
generally conspicuous and concolorous with thallus, in some species
inconspicuous, reduced or becoming excluded; hypothecium hyaline or brown;
epihymenium usually pigmented, with or without crystals; paraphyses sparingly
branched apically; asci of Lecanora-type;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform, bacilliform or falcate; chemistry:
atranorin or usnic acid or xanthones, and a wide range of depsides,
depsidones, fatty acids, terpenoids |
Lecanora |
| |
|
|
109(92:) |
Ascospores >40 µm long, 2 per ascus; apothecia black; proper exciple well-developed;
hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium blackish; paraphyses branched; asci amyloid;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: unknown |
Mycoblastus campbellianus |
109: |
Ascospores <40 µm long; asci usually 8-spored |
110 |
| |
|
|
110(109:) |
Hamathecium and asci not or faintly amyloid |
111 |
110: |
Hamathecium and asci strongly amyloid (lecideoid lichens: determination requires
examination of ascus type) |
116 |
| |
|
|
111(110:) |
Asci lacking a tholus; hymenial gel absent; thallus crustose or subsquamulose; apothecia
biatorine; proper exciple cupulate, brown; hypothecium brown to hyaline;
epihymenium greenish brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched; ascus of Schaereria-type; ascospores globose
to ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform or filiform; chemistry: orcinol depsides |
Schaereria |
111: |
Asci with a tholus; hymenial gel present |
112 |
| |
|
|
112(111:) |
Hymenium interspersed with granules and oil
droplets; epihymenium K+ violet [see 85] |
Miltidea ceroplasta |
112: |
Hymenium clear; epihymenium K– |
113 |
| |
|
|
113(112:) |
Thallus grey to greenish grey |
114 |
113: |
Thallus brown, dark grey or blackish |
115 |
| |
|
|
114(113) |
Paraphyses sparingly branched [see 98:] |
Trapelia |
114: |
Paraphyses richly branched; thallus crustose to subsquamulose; apothecia
biatorine, orange-brown to pale brown or blackish brown; proper exciple
hyaline to brownish, well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium hyaline
to brownish; asci of Trapelia-type;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: anthraquinones
(in one species), orcinol depsides |
Trapeliopsis |
| |
|
|
115(113:) |
Paraphyses swollen apically; asci of Trapelia-type;
thallus granular to goniocystal,
blackish brown; apothecia brown to black, biatorine; proper exciple brown;
hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium dark brown; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia
unknown; chemistry: orcinol depsides |
Placynthiella |
115: |
Paraphyses not swollen apically; asci of
Rimularia-type; thallus continuous to areolate, brownish; apothecia brown to black, lecideine;
proper exciple blackish brown; hypothecium dark brown; epihymenium dark
brown; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol
depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones |
Rimularia |
| |
|
|
116(110:) |
Thallus leprose-arachnoid to byssoid, white, pale grey or pale bluish grey, ecorticate;
prothallus distinct, white, grey or black; apothecia shortly stipitate;
proper exciple well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses indistinct;
asci cylindrical; ascospores thin-walled; conidia unknown; chemistry:
atranorin, stictic acid, zeorin |
Crocynia |
116: |
Thallus crustose or subsquamulose to squamulose |
117 |
| |
|
|
117(116:) |
Thallus corticolous or lignicolous |
118 |
117: |
Thallus saxicolous, muscicolous or terricolous |
124 |
| |
|
|
118(117) |
Thallus subsquamulose to squamulose |
119 |
118: |
Thallus crustose |
120 |
| |
|
|
119(118) |
Apothecia pale brown to reddish brown; prothallus
arachnoid; thallus greenish grey
to pale brown; apothecia biatorine, sessile; true exciple of radiating
hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium indistinct; paraphyses
sparingly branched; asci of Biatora-type;
ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides,
depsidones and triterpenoids |
Phyllopsora |
119: |
Apothecia dark brown to blackish; prothallus
crustose; thallus pale grey to
dark brown; apothecia sessile; true exciple of radiating hyphae, hyaline to
brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium green or brown; paraphyses
sparingly branched; asci of Biatora- or Lecanora-type; ascospores
ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia subglobose to filiform; chemistry: depsides,
depsidones and unknowns |
Hypocenomyce |
| |
|
|
120(118:) |
Asci of Lecanora-type |
121 |
120: |
Asci of other types |
123 |
| |
|
|
121(120) |
Ascospores with a thick 2-layered wall; thallus areolate to verrucose; apothecia sessile,
grey, brown or blackish, biatorine; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous;
epihymenium brownish, granular; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal; conidia
bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: depsides, xanthones |
Tasmidella variabilis |
121: |
Ascospores with a thin single-layered wall |
122 |
| |
|
|
122(121:) |
Paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically,
not conglutinate; asci and paraphyses easily separated in KOH; hypothecium hyaline or brown; thallus continuous
to verrucose; apothecia sessile, blackish, biatorine; proper exciple of
radiating hyphae; epihymenium greenish grey to blackish green or green-black;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones,
triterpenoids, xanthones |
Lecidella |
122: |
Paraphyses branched and anastomosing, conglutinate;
asci and paraphyses not easily separated in KOH; hypothecium hyaline; thallus areolate or effuse;
apothecia sessile, dark brown to blackish, biatorine; proper exciple of
radiating hyphae; epihymenium orange-brown to dark olive brown; ascospores
narrowly ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones |
Ramboldia |
| |
|
|
123(120:) |
Asci of Fuscidea-type; paraphyses not conglutinate;
asci and paraphyses easily separated in KOH; thallus rimose to verrucose; apothecia sessile or immersed, brown to
black; proper exciple hyaline, brown at margin; hypothecium hyaline;
epihymenium brown; ascospores ellipsoidal to narrowly ellipsoidal, curved or
straight; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones |
Fuscidea |
123: |
Asci of Lecidea-type; paraphyses conglutinate, not
easily separated in KOH; thallus
continuous to areolate; apothecia sessile, dark brown to black; proper
exciple hyaline, brown at margin; hypothecium hyaline to dark brown;
epihymenium brown to greenish black; ascospores narrowly to broadly
ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones |
Lecidea s. lat. |
| |
|
|
124(117:) |
Thallus subsquamulose to squamulose [see 119] |
Phyllopsora |
124: |
Thallus crustose |
125 |
| |
|
|
125(124:) |
Asci of Porpidia-type, with amyloid tube-like
structures (generic concepts in
need of revision) |
126 |
125: |
Asci of different types, lacking amyloid tube-like
structures |
132 |
| |
|
|
126(125:) |
Hypothecium hyaline to yellowish |
127 |
126: |
Hypothecium brown to black |
129 |
| |
|
|
127(126) |
Apothecia sessile, dark brown to blackish, often with a bluish pruina; proper exciple
internally hyaline; epihymenium brown to olive-brown; paraphyses
anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia filiform to
bacilliform; thallus areolate; chemistry: depsides, dibenzofurans, usnic acid |
Poeltiaria |
127: |
Apothecia immersed |
128 |
| |
|
|
128(127:) |
Spore walls brownish when mature; medulla
non-amyloid; thallus areolate,
brownish; apothecia blackish; proper exciple internally hyaline, externally
blackish; epihymenium brown; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal,
halonate; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Poeltidea perusta |
128: |
Spore walls remaining hyaline; medulla amyloid; thallus areolate, brownish; apothecia dark grey
to blackish; proper exciple reduced, hyaline, brownish at margin of proper
exciple; epihymenium blackish brown to greenish black; paraphyses
anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia bacilliform;
chemistry: orcinol depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones |
Immersaria athroocarpa |
| |
|
|
129(126:) |
Apothecial disc gyrose, with a striate margin; thallus thin, whitish to rusty red; apothecia
blackish, constricted at base; proper exciple and hypothecium carbonaceous;
epihymenium dark brown; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal,
halonate; conidia filiform; chemistry: orcinol depsides |
Stephanocyclos |
129: |
Apothecial disc smooth |
130 |
| |
|
|
130(129) |
Apothecia immersed [see 128:] |
Immersaria athroocarpa |
130: |
Apothecia sessile |
131 |
| |
|
|
131(130:) |
Ascospores halonate; conidia bacilliform; thallus continuous to rimose or areolate,
whitish, grey or rusty red; apothecia blackish; proper exciple and
hypothecium carbonaceous; epihymenium orange-brown to carbonaceous;
paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry:
depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans |
Porpidia |
131: |
Ascospores not halonate; conidia filiform; thallus rimose to areolate or verrucose, whitish
or grey; apothecia blackish; proper exciple and hypothecium carbonaceous; epihymenium
orange-brown to carbonaceous; paraphyses branched and anastomosing;
ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones |
Paraporpidia |
| |
|
|
132(125:) |
Apothecial disc umbonate to gyrose, blackish [see 115:] |
Rimularia |
132: |
Apothecial disc not umbonate to gyrose |
133 |
| |
|
|
133(132) |
Hypothecium dark brown to black or violet |
134 |
133: |
Hypothecium hyaline to pale brown |
139 |
| |
|
|
134(133) |
Asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type, with a strongly
amyloid tholus |
135 |
134: |
Asci of other types; tholus non-amyloid or only an
amyloid cap visible |
138 |
| |
|
|
135(128) |
Exciple completely carbonaceous; thallus areolate or immersed; apothecia black;
proper exciple persistent; epihymenium blue-green; hypothecium yellowish or
dark brown; paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia
filiform; chemistry: depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones |
Carbonea |
135: |
Exciple hyaline to brown or dark brown, never
completely carbonaceous |
136 |
| |
|
|
136(135:) |
Asci of Lecanora-type; paraphyses and asci easily
separated in KOH [see 122] |
Lecidella |
136: |
Asci of Bacidia-type; paraphyses conglutinate |
137 |
| |
|
|
137(136:) |
Hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; apothecial
margins soon excluded; on mosses and soil; thallus papillose; apothecia sessile, subhemispherical; proper
exciple well-developed, hyaline; epihymenium brownish; paraphyses branched;
ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry: orcinol depsides |
Frutidella caesioatra |
137: |
Hypothecium brown to dark brown; apothecial margins
persistent; on siliceous rocks [see 105] |
Tephromela |
| |
|
|
138(134:) |
Asci with a non-amyloid tholus; apothecia immersed
to subimmersed; thallus rust-coloured, rimose-areolate; proper exciple well-developed, externally dark
brown, internally hyaline; epihymenium dark grey to hyaline; paraphyses branched
and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry:
ß-orcinol depsidones or nil |
Tremolecia atrata |
138: |
Asci with a weakly amyloid tholus, or tholus with
an amyloid cap; apothecia sessile to subimmersed; thallus not rust-coloured [see 123:] |
Lecidea |
| |
|
|
139(133:) |
Asci of Lecanora-type |
140 |
139: |
Asci of other types |
146 |
| |
|
|
140(139) |
Apothecia immersed |
141 |
140: |
Apothecia sessile |
142 |
| |
|
|
141(140) |
Paraphyses densely anastomosing; medulla dark brown; apothecial disc black; epihymenium brownish to
bluish green; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses richly branched and
anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: argopsin |
Clauzadeana macula |
141: |
Paraphyses sparingly branched; medulla hyaline [see 108:] |
Lecanora |
| |
|
|
142(140:) |
Epihymenium brownish to red-brown [see 122:] |
Ramboldia |
142: |
Epihymenium olivaceous, green to black |
143 |
| |
|
|
143(142) |
Thallus yellowish green, containing usnic acid [see 108:] |
Lecanora |
143: |
Thallus of various colours, not yellowish green,
lacking usnic acid |
144 |
| |
|
|
144(143:) |
Ascus tholus weakly amyloid; thallus continuous to areolate; apothecia
biatorine; margins distinct; proper exciple hyaline or pigmented; paraphyses
sparingly branched; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia filiform; chemistry:
depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones |
Miriquidica |
144: |
Ascus tholus strongly amyloid |
145 |
| |
|
|
145(144:) |
Paraphyses branched; ascus wall thin [see 135] |
Carbonea |
145: |
Paraphyses simple; ascus wall thick [see 122] |
Lecidella |
| |
|
|
146(139:) |
Asci of Fuscidea-type [see 123] |
Fuscidea |
146: |
Asci of other types |
147 |
| |
|
|
147(146:) |
Ascus tholus weakly amyloid or only with an amyloid
cap [see 123:] |
Lecidea |
147: |
Ascus tholus strongly amyloid, of Bacidia- or Catillaria-type |
148 |
| |
|
|
148(147:) |
Asci of Catillaria-type; hypothecium brown to
violet-brown; thallus with
norstictic acid, areolate to bullate; apothecia sessile, blackish; proper
exciple externally dark green, internally hyaline; epihymenium dark green;
paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia
bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones |
Austrolecia antarctica |
148: |
Asci of Bacidia-type; hypothecium hyaline to pale
brown |
149 |
| |
|
|
149(147:) |
Apothecia plane, margin persistent; thallus
containing depsidones [see 57:] |
Tylothallia pahiensis |
149: |
Apothecia subhemispherical; margin evanescent;
thallus containing orcinol depsides [see 137] |
Frutidella caesioatra |
| |
|
|
150(11:) |
Mazaedium present; thallus immersed to superficial, verrucose to smooth, greyish green;
ascomata sessile with a subdivided black mazaedium; thalline margin distinct;
asci cylindrical, prototunicate; ascospores brown, broadly ellipsoidal,
2–4-septate; pycnidia unknown; chemistry: nil |
Heterocyphelium leucampyx |
150: |
Mazaedium absent |
151 |
| |
|
|
151(150:) |
Asci unitunicate; hymenium amyloid; paraphyses
sparingly branched; thallus thin;
apothecia sessile, blackish or brown; proper exciple of anastomosing hyphae;
hypothecium hyaline, µinterspersed with oil droplets; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores broadly
ellipsoidal, halonate; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown |
Catinaria |
151: |
Asci bitunicate or unitunicate and hymenium
non-amyloid, or asci unitunicate without tholus and hymenium amyloid;
paraphyses simple or branched and µanstomosing |
152 |
| |
|
|
152(151:) |
Paraphyses simple; hymenium amyloid or not; asci
cylindrical, unitunicate; ascomata urceolate, apothecioid or perithecioid |
153 |
152: |
Paraphyses branched and µanastomosing; hymenium
non-amyloid; asci non-amyloid or with a small amyloid plug, bitunicate;
ascomata various |
164 |
| |
|
|
153 (152) |
Mature ascospores thick-walled, with lenticular
lumina |
154 |
153: (152) |
Mature ascospores thin-walled, with irregular or
rhomboidal lumina |
156 |
| |
|
|
154(153) |
True exciple dark-pigmented, lacking lateral
paraphyses; thallus whitish, grey
to greenish grey or brownish grey; apothecia usually opening by a discrete
pore; central columella often present; asci usually 8-spored; ascospores
hyaline or brown, narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal, transversely septate or
muriform, I+ blue or I–; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones,
depsides, depsidones |
Ocellularia |
154: |
True exciple hyaline; lateral paraphyses present or
absent |
155 |
| |
|
|
155(154:) |
Lateral paraphyses present; thallus whitish, grey to greenish grey or brownish
grey; apothecia opening by a pore, or urceolate or apothecioid; central
columella absent; asci usually 8-spored; ascospores hyaline or brown,
narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal, transversely septate or muriform, I+ blue or
I–; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones |
Thelotrema |
155: |
Lateral paraphyses absent; thallus whitish, grey to greenish grey or
brownish grey; apothecia usually opening by a discrete pore; central
columella absent; asci usually 8-spored; ascospores hyaline or brown,
narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal, transversely septate to muriform, I+ blue or
I–; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, depsidones,
lichexanthone |
Myriotrema |
| |
|
|
156(153:) |
Apothecia stipitate, subglobose to obconical, opening by a terminal pore; thallus whitish,
continuous; proper exciple cupular, hyaline or brown, sometimes with hyaline
periphyses; disc urceolate; asci cylindroclavate, 6–8-spored, with a thin
wall and apex, I–; ascospores ellipsoidal-fusiform, 3–9-septate, I–; conidia
not known; chemistry: depsidones |
Pseudoramonia richeae |
156: |
Apothecia innate to sessile, not stipitate |
157 |
| |
|
|
157(156:) |
Ascospores filiform |
158 |
157: |
Ascospores ellipsoidal, oblong or fusiform |
159 |
| |
|
|
158(157) |
Apothecia cylindrical, black, sessile; disc urceolate; opening dentate;
ascospores with 20–100 transverse septa; thallus filamentous (at least at
margin), whitish; proper exciple cupulate, blackish; hypothecium hyaline;
epihymenium hyaline; asci cylindrical; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown |
Conotremopsis weberiana |
158: |
Apothecia globose, perithecioid, red-brown, sessile; disc hidden; opening by an apical pore;
ascospores with 11–21 transverse septa; apices hooked apices; thallus
crustose, pale grey-green to medium orange-green; proper exciple
yellowish-green to dark red-brown; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium not
apparent; asci elongate-clavate; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown |
Belonia uncinata |
| |
|
|
159(157:) |
Proper exciple and hypothecium carbonaceous;
epihymenium brown-granular;
apothecia appearing lecideine, constricted at the base; paraphyses with some
anastomoses; thallus pale yellowish brown; apothecial disc blackish,
brownish-pruinose; hymenium and asci non-amyloid; ascospores brown,
submuriform to muriform, I+ violet; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil |
Gyrostomum scyphuliferum |
159: |
Proper exciple and hypothecium not carbonaceous;
epihymenium not brown-granular |
160 |
| |
|
|
160(159:) |
Disc of mature apothecia plane and adnate, or plane
to convex and apothecia sessile |
161 |
160: |
Disc of mature apothecia urceolate, or apothecia
perithecioid |
162 |
| |
|
|
161(160) |
Apothecia immersed but erumpent; opening by radial
or tangential fissures; margins greyish, formed by exfoliating recurved
triangular lobes; thallus thin,
smooth to rugulose, whitish, pale grey or greenish; proper exciple ring-like,
open only at the base; disc grey to pinkish brown, dark orange or
brownish-black; faintly pruinose or not; asci cylindrical, 1–8-spored,
non-amyloid; ascospores transversely septate to muriform, fusiform to broadly
ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: depsidones or nil |
Chroodiscus |
161: |
Apothecia pale yellow, sessile, biatorine; proper
exciple hyaline to yellowish, pseudoparenchymatous; thallus crustose, effuse and thin, or byssoid and
loosely felted, pale grey to greenish grey or green; hypothecium hyaline;
epihymenium hyaline; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, non-amyloid; ascospores
1–2-septate, fusiform to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil |
Coenogonium |
| |
|
|
162(160:) |
Lateral paraphyses and periphyses absent; proper
exciple paraplectenchymatous;
thallus thin, grey; apothecia sessile; proper exciple hyaline to yellowish;
disc pale to deep orange, often glossy; epihymenium hyaline; asci
cylindrical, amyloid; ascospores 3-septate to muriform, fusiform to
ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil |
Gyalecta jenensis |
162: |
Lateral paraphyses or periphyses present |
163 |
| |
|
|
163(162:) |
Apothecia immersed to erumpent; thallus immersed and not visible or episubstratic
and grey; disc pink to greyish white; proper exciple hyaline to brown;
epihymenium hyaline; asci clavate to cylindrical, (2–) 8 (–180)-spored,
µnon-amyloid; ascospores 1-septate to muriform, <100 µm long, fusiform to
ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil |
Ramonia |
163: |
Apothecia sessile to subimmersed, subglobose to
barrel-shaped, often perithecioid,
opening by an apical pore or apex gaping; disc dark grey-brown or not
apparent; thallus crustose, sometimes evanescent; proper exciple hyaline to
brown; asci cylindrical, thin-walled, non-amyloid, with a thickened apex when
young, 1–2 (–4)-spored; ascospores muriform, >100 µm long (Australian
spp.); conidia unknown; chemistry: depsidones or nil |
Topeliopsis |
| |
|
|
164(152) |
Asci weakly aggregated in clusters or µscattered on
the thallus, not in well-defined ascomata, broadly clavate, subglobose or
ovoid |
165 |
164: |
Asci aggregated in well-defined ascomata,
cylindrical |
166 |
| |
|
|
165(164) |
Ascospores muriform; thallus crustose to byssoid, whitish to grey or
reddish; paraphysoids densely branched and interwoven; asci subglobose to
ovoid; ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, hyaline; conidia
bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones,
naphthoquinones |
Cryptothecia |
165: |
Ascospores with transverse septa only [see 180] |
Eremothecella macrocephala |
| |
|
|
166(164:) |
Paraphyses weakly anastomosing; hymenial elements
easily separated in KOH |
167 |
166: |
Paraphyses strongly anastomosing; hymenial elements
conglutinate in KOH |
168 |
| |
|
|
167(166) |
Ascospores hooked, 3-septate, obovate; thallus
byssoid, greyish green, C+ red;
ascomata apothecioid to lirelliform, black; hypothecium black; epihymenium
pale brown, granular; conidia unknown; chemistry: orcinol depsides
(gyrophoric acid) |
Ancistrosporella australiensis |
167: |
Ascospores not hooked, multiseptate, acicular,
sometimes separating into part-spores in the ascus; thallus crustose, grey, immersed or thin and superficial, C–;
ascomata sessile, black or blackish brown; proper exciple externally dark
red-brown, internally pale brown; epihymenium pale brown to brown;
hypothecium hyaline; conidia bacilliform to ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil |
Bactrospora |
| |
|
|
168(166:) |
Thallus byssoid |
169 |
168: |
Thallus crustose |
172 |
| |
|
|
169(168) |
Ascomata perithecioid |
170 |
169: |
Ascomata apothecioid |
171 |
| |
|
|
170(169) |
Ascospores biclavate or hooked, 4–10-septate, curved or µstraight; thallus grey to greenish,
sometimes sparsely squamulose, with or without soralia or isidia; prothallus distinct; ascomata in
elevated stromata with constricted bases; exciple K+ blackish; asci
cylindrical to clavate; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones |
Dichosporidium |
170: |
Ascospores obovate, 8–15-septate, curved or µstraight; thallus grey to greenish
grey, lacking soralia and isidia; prothallus distinct; ascomata in stromata
with constricted bases; exciple not K+ blackish; asci cylindrical to clavate;
conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides |
Streimannia varieseptata |
| |
|
|
171(169:) |
Medulla white; ascospores 5–6-septate, fusiform; thallus whitish to yellowish white; ascomata
emergent, subglobose with blackish discs, white-pruinose; conidia unknown;
chemistry: chromones, dibenzofurans, orcinol depsides |
Sagenidium molle |
171: |
Medulla brown to dark brown; ascospores
3–4-septate, bacilliform; thallus
orange to greenish grey; ascomata globose, opening at a circular disc; asci
clavate; conidia unknown; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones |
Sagenidiopsis merrotsii |
| |
|
|
172(168:) |
Medulla with red pigment (chiodectonic acid); thallus crustose to
subsquamulose, greenish, with whitish pruina; paraphysoids richly branched;
asci clavate; ascospores 5–7-septate, biclavate, hyaline; conidia
bacilliform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, unknowns |
Erythrodecton malacum |
172: |
Medulla lacking red pigment |
173 |
| |
|
|
173(172:) |
Epihymenium pruinose, brown, granular; thallus white to whitish grey; ascomata
apothecial, elongated or circular; asci clavate; ascospores fusiform,
3-septate; conidia bacilliform to filiform; chemistry: aliphatic acids and
atranorin (accessory) |
Schismatomma |
173: |
Epihymenium epruinose |
174 |
| |
|
|
174(173:) |
Ascomata perithecioid, in stromata; thallus greyish to greenish grey or brownish;
paraphysoids branched; asci clavate; ascospores obovate, curved or straight,
hyaline; conidia filiform; chemistry: aliphatic acids and unknowns |
Chiodecton |
174: |
Ascomata apothecioid, not in stromata |
175 |
| |
|
|
175(174) |
Ascospores biclavate to spermatozoid, 2–3-septate; thallus grey or greenish grey; ascomata
distinctly elevated, with a persistent thalline margin; asci clavate; conidia
filiform; chemistry: aliphatic acids, ß-orcinol depsidones |
Graphidastra multiformis |
175: |
Ascospores fusiform |
176 |
| |
|
|
176(175:) |
Ascomata with a poorly developed exciple, brown at apical part of margin, otherwise
hyaline; thallus white; asci clavate; ascospores fusiform; conidia unknown;
chemistry: unknown |
Enterographa |
176: |
Ascomata with a well-developed exciple |
177 |
| |
|
|
177(176:) |
Exciple containing crystals; thallus crustose to leprose; asci clavate;
ascospores fusiform; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides or nil |
Cresponea plurilocularis |
177: |
Exciple lacking crystals |
178 |
| |
|
|
178(177:) |
Ascomata orbicular; asci of abietina-type; thallus
crustose; asci clavate; ascospores fusiform; conidia bacilliform to filiform;
chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, dibenzofurans |
Lecanactis |
178: |
Ascomata lirellate to somewhat rounded; asci of
grumulosa-type; thallus crustose;
asci clavate; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia bacilliform to
filiform; chemistry: anthraquinones, orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones |
Lecanographa microcarpella |
| |
|
|
179(1:) |
Asci weakly aggregated in whitish clusters or
scattered on the thallus, not in well-defined ascomata (often inconspicuous) |
180 |
179: |
Ascomata aggregated in well-defined ascomata |
181 |
| |
|
|
180(179) |
Ascospores (9–) 11-septate, with larger apical and
basal cells, 52–74 × 8–15 µm;
thallus thin, white to greyish green, often with white concentric zones, C–;
photobiont Phycopeltis; fertile
parts white, soft, round, 0.4–0.9 mm diam.; asci 6–8-spored, interspersed
with loose hyphae |
Eremothecella macrocephala |
180: |
Ascospores muriform, with wavy septa, 40–60 × 17–25
µm; thallus thin, whitish grey to
grey, without white concentric zones, C+ red; photobiont Trentepohlia-like; fertile parts scattered, whitish, soft,
irregular, to 0.5 mm wide; asci 1-spored, interspersed with paraphysoids and
algae |
Cryptothecia inexpectata |
| |
|
|
181(179:) |
Thallus byssoid |
182 |
181: |
Thallus crustose, effuse to determinate |
183 |
| |
|
|
182(181) |
Thallus white or pale yellow; apothecia sessile, pale cream to pinkish and
convex to subglobose, sometimes lacking; exciple absent or excluded from a
very early stage; epihymenium pale yellow-brown; hypothecium hyaline;
paraphyses sparingly branched; asci of Micarea-type,
with a distinct tholus; ascospores simple, globose |
Roccellinastrum |
182: |
Thallus µgreen; apothecia sessile, pale yellowish, concave; proper exciple hyaline
to yellowish, pseudoparenchymatous; epihymenium hyaline; hypothecium hyaline;
asci of Bacidia-type, lacking a
tholus; ascospores 1-septate, fusiform to ellipsoidal |
Coenogonium curvulum |
| |
|
|
183(181:) |
Ascomata immersed in the thallus or in thalline
swellings, or not distinctly raised above the thallus surface; if ascomata
sessile, then with a distinct thalline margin |
184 |
183: |
Ascomata superficial on the thallus, constricted at
the base or not, lacking a thalline component |
192 |
| |
|
|
184(183) |
Apothecia linear, curved, undulate or branched, 0.5–1 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm wide, slightly raised,
predominantly yellowish brown or pale brown; disc narrow, medium brown;
hypothecium pale; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores hyaline, fusiform,
7-septate, 21–29 × 4–5 µm, thickly halonate |
Enterographa bella |
184: |
Apothecia round, triangular or quadrangular in
outline |
185 |
| |
|
|
185(184:) |
Apothecia usually triangular or quadrangular in
outline, with a thick black carbonaceous exciple lateral to the hymenium; thallus continuous, ecorticate; hypothecium pale
brown; paraphyses thin, anastomosing; asci unitunicate, thin-walled,
2–8-spored; ascospores hyaline, thin-walled, 3–8 septate |
Aulaxina |
185: |
Apothecia µround in outline, not angular; exciple,
if present, not thick, black and carbonaceous |
186 |
| |
|
|
186(185:) |
Ascomatal exciple covered by a thin thalline layer
that slopes gently outwards; disc greyish black to black; exciple thin, dark; hymenium non-amyloid, I+
reddish; hypothecium usually with a dark basal layer; thallus grey, greyish
green or brownish grey, smooth, verruculose or with radiating ridges,
glabrous, pilose or tomentose; algae Phycopeltis;
asci clavate, thin-walled, 8-spored; paraphyses anastomosing; ascospores
hyaline, fusiform, 3–7-septate, 10–38 × 3–6 µm, usually with one subapical
cell larger than the others |
Mazosia |
186: |
Ascomata without a sloping thallus layer covering
the excipulum; disc not greyish black to black, or if very dark then
apothecium emarginate and µflush with the thallus surface |
187 |
| |
|
|
187(186:) |
Ascomata emarginate, µflush with the thallus
surface |
188 |
187: |
Ascomata immersed in the thallus, or with a
distinct thalline rim |
189 |
| |
|
|
188(187) |
Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores
3–27-septate or muriform, hyaline; apical cell not enlarged; thallus pale grey or greenish grey, rugose or
verrucose, sometimes with white hyphophores; photobiont chlorococcoid;
apothecia plane, pale brown to dark brown or yellowish brown, subtended by
algae; exciple reduced; asci 1–8-spored |
Echinoplaca |
188: |
Paraphyses indistinct; ascospores 1–3 (–7)-septate,
hyaline to brown, often with an enlarged apical cell; exciple absent; ascomata linear, stellate or
rounded; disc usually plane and bluish green or red-brown to black; thallus thin, greenish, continuous;
photobiont Trentepohlia; asci
subglobose to ovoid |
Arthonia |
| |
|
|
189(187:) |
Asci (2–) 8-spored; ascospores with 1–15 transverse
septa, occasionally some cells of a multiseptate spore with 1 or 2
longitudinal divisions |
190 |
189: |
Asci 1-spored; ascospores muriform |
191 |
| |
|
|
190(189) |
Paraphyses simple; photobiont Phycopeltis; thallus thin, smooth to rugulose, pale grey or
greenish, lacking sterile hairs; apothecia immersed but erumpent, 0.15–0.7 mm
diam.; disc grey (K+ yellow) to dark orange (K+ purple), pruinose or not;
margins grey, formed by recurved triangular lobes; asci and hymenium
non-amyloid; ascospores usually 1–5-septate |
Chroodiscus |
190: |
Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; photobiont
chlorococcoid; thallus thin,
smooth to minutely uneven, whitish, grey-green or green, with or without
sterile whitish or yellowish hairs; apothecia immersed in the thallus to
sessile but surrounded by thalline tissues, 0.15–0.7 mm diam.; disc
urceolate, concave or plane, white, yellowish brown, yellowish grey or dark
grey; proper exciple thin; hymenium non-amyloid; hypothecium hyaline to
yellowish; ascospores ellipsoidal, oblong or cylindrical, 1–15-septate |
Calenia |
| |
|
|
191(189:) |
Epihymenium containing algae; thallus
lacking sterile hairs, thin to thick, smooth to verrucose, whitish to
greenish grey; apothecia immersed or slightly prominent, 2–10 (–20) per
thallus, 0.1–0.4 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly concave, grey, yellowish
grey or green-grey; margin concolorous or a little paler; hymenium
non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal, 30–60 × 10–20 µm |
Gyalectidium |
191: |
Epihymenium not containing algae; thallus usually
with whitish sterile hairs, thin
and uneven or comprising convex inflated patches, white, pale grey or
greenish white; apothecia immersed in thalline warts or singly in inflated
patches, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.; disc concave, white, yellowish or brownish; margin
prominent and thin, or µflat and thick, usually ragged or broken; hymenium
non-amyloid; ascospores ellipsoidal or oblong, 40–80 × 12–32 µm |
Bullatina |
| |
|
|
192(183:) |
Paraphyses simple to very sparingly branched |
193 |
192: |
Paraphyses anastomosing; if paraphyses richly branched but with few
anastomoses, see Lasioloma (206) |
203 |
| |
|
|
193(192) |
Ascospores muriform; asci 1 (–4)-spored; apothecial disc plane to slightly convex, pale to
dark brown or black; hymenium amyloid; hypothecium pale brown to
dark-aeruginose; ascospores cylindrical to ovoid |
Calopadia |
193: |
Ascospores with transverse septa only; asci usually
8-spored |
194 |
| |
|
|
194(193:) |
Apothecia with a white, yellowish brown or pale
brown byssoid margin that sometimes spreads over the adjacent thallus; thallus smooth to farinose, pale grey, pale to
dark grey-green or bluish grey; apothecia adnate to sessile, 0.1–0.7 mm
diam.; disc usually plane, pale grey-brown to black; exciple of loose hyphae,
often encrusted with K-soluble crystals; hymenium amyloid; ascospores 3
(–7)-septate, 9–20 × 2.5–4 µm |
Byssoloma |
194: |
Apothecia with a non-byssoid margin |
195 |
| |
|
|
195(194) |
Hymenium I– or I+ yellowish brown |
196 |
195: |
Hymenium I+ blue |
197 |
| |
|
|
196(195) |
Ascospores 1 (–2)-septate; ascus apex thin-walled; thallus effuse, pale grey to greenish grey;
apothecia sessile, biatorine, 0.2–1.5 mm diam., pale yellow to orange-brown;
proper exciple hyaline to yellowish, pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium
hyaline; asci cylindrical, Bacidia-type;
ascospores fusiform to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal |
Coenogonium |
196: |
Ascospores 3 (–5)-septate; ascus apex with a
distinct tholus; thallus thin,
effuse; apothecia biatorine or zeorine, 0.1–0.15 mm diam., pale yellow-brown;
proper exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores
ellipsoidal; 13–25 × 3.5–4.5 µm |
Gyalidea epiphylla |
| |
|
|
197(195:) |
Ascospores elongate-clavate, 24–60 × 1–3.5 µm, 3–7-septate; thallus farinose to granulose, pale
grey to dark grey-green; apothecia sessile, 0.1–0.5 mm diam., pale pink or
pale orange to reddish brown; disc plane to convex, epruinose; proper exciple
well-developed; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses sparsely branched |
Bacidina |
197: |
Ascospores ellipsoidal, bacilliform or fusiform,
less than 25 µm long |
198 |
| |
|
|
198(197:) |
Ascospores 12–20 × 1.5–2.5 µm, 3-septate, bacilliform; thallus effuse, brown;
apothecia 0.2–0.3 mm diam; disc plane, dark brown to black; margin thin,
whitish, smooth; hypothecium dark brown to black; paraphyses simple, coherent |
Semigyalecta paradoxa |
198: |
Ascospores (2.5–) 3–6 µm wide |
199 |
| |
|
|
199(198:) |
Exciple encrusted with KOH-soluble crystals |
200 |
199: |
Exciple lacking KOH-soluble crystals |
201 |
| |
|
|
200(199) |
Thallus with whitish membranous concave campylidia,
each with 2 marginal cilia;
thallus grey-green, inconspicuous; apothecia 0.25–0.38 mm diam., basally
constricted; disc plane, pale brown; exciple whitish, parenchymatous;
hypothecium hyaline; asci (4–) 8-spored; ascospores mostly 3-septate, 14–21 ×
4.5–6 µm; campylospores 1-septate, ellipsoidal to bacilliform |
Badimiella pteridophylla |
200: |
Thallus lacking campylidia; continuous, smooth to farinose, greenish grey;
apothecia basally constricted, 0.2–0.45 mm diam.; disc plane to slightly
convex, medium to dark brown; exciple thin, white, minutely downy; hyphae
becoming lax in K; hypothecium pale brown; asci 8-spored; ascospores 3
(–5)-septate, 12–19 × 3–4.5 µm |
Byssoloma subundulatum |
| |
|
|
201(199:) |
Thallus with off-white to pale green
half-moon-shaped campylidia;
campylospores filiform with hooked ends and secund appendages; thallus
verrucose, pale green to bluish grey; apothecia 0.3–0.8 mm diam., basally
constricted; disc plane to slightly convex, yellowish brown; margin thin,
µconcolorous; hypothecium pale; paraphyses with thickened apices; ascospores
3-septate, 12–16 × 3–5 µm |
Badimia polillensis |
201: |
Thallus lacking campylidia |
202 |
| |
|
|
202(201:) |
Asci of Fellhanera-type; ascospores 1–7-septate,
10–26 × 2.5–6 µm; thallus smooth,
farinose, granulose or verrucose, whitish, pale grey, pale bluish grey,
grey-green or grey-brown; apothecia sessile, 0.1–0.8 mm diam.; disc plane to
convex, pale grey, yellowish, orange-brown to dark brown; margin thin, often
inconspicuous but paler than disc; hypothecium hyaline to brown or brownish
red |
Fellhanera |
202: |
Asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores 7-septate, 22–30
× 3–4 µm; thallus pale greenish
grey, with pale yellowish brown verruculae; apothecia sessile, 0.3–0.5 mm
diam.; disc plane, dark brown to blackish; margin thin, often inconspicuous
and paler than disc; hypothecium dark brown |
Bacidina mastothallina |
| |
|
|
203(192:) |
Thallus with black or white 0.5–1 mm long sterile
hairs, smooth, white, pale grey or
pale grey-green; apothecia sessile, 0.15–0.5 mm diam.; disc plane to deeply
concave, pale to dark brown, or yellow; margin thin or rather thick,
concolorous with the disc or darker; hypothecium hyaline; hymenium I–; asci
1-spored; ascospores 32–71 × 15–28 µm |
Tricharia |
203: |
Thallus lacking sterile hairs |
204 |
| |
|
|
204(203:) |
Ascospores 3-septate, 10–14 × 3.5–5 µm; thallus pale grey; apothecia
somewhat cup-like, 0.2–0.3 mm diam., strongly basally constricted; disc plane
to slightly convex, pinkish to brown-red; proper exciple thick, whitish to
pale reddish, continuous below hymenium; hypothecium pale brown; asci
8-spored; campylospores
simple, elongate-ellipsoidal |
Loflammia gabrielis |
204: |
Ascospores muriform |
205 |
| |
|
|
205(204:) |
Hymenium and ascus apex I–; asci 2–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse, often with
hyphophores; apothecia biatorine, brown to blackish; proper exciple of
anastomosing hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal |
Gyalideopsis |
205: |
Hymenium and ascus apex I+ blue |
206 |
| |
|
|
206(205:) |
Apothecial margin with horizontally projecting
hairs to 0.2 mm long; apothecia
0.3–0.7 mm diam., basally constricted; disc plane to convex, brownish grey to
black; margin paler; hypothecium dark brown; epihymenium pale yellowish;
paraphyses sparingly anastomosing; asci thick-walled, 1-spored; ascospores
70–105 × 20–35 µm; campylidia present; campylospores branched, multiseptate;
thallus white to greenish grey, on a grey loosely arachnoid hypothallus |
Lasioloma arachnoideum |
206: |
Apothecial margin lacking hairs |
207 |
| |
|
|
207(206:) |
Asci 4-spored; campylospores 3-septate, elongate,
usually curved or S-shaped;
thallus smooth, greyish white to grey-green; prothallus grey; apothecia
0.3–0.8 mm diam., basally constricted; disc black, plane to strongly convex;
exciple thin, black, continuous below hypothecium; hypothecium dark purple-brown;
hymenium with purple-brown streaks; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal to
cylindrical, 50–100 × 9–17 µm |
Tapellaria phyllophila |
207: |
Asci almost exclusively 1-spored; campylospores
simple, ellipsoidal or subglobose |
208 |
| |
|
|
208(207:) |
Epihymenium containing algae |
209 |
208: |
Epihymenium not containing algae |
210 |
| |
|
|
209(208) |
Exciple well-developed; apothecial margin
conspicuous, pruinose or not,
smooth or uneven; thallus minutely farinose or verruculose, pale grey-green,
bluish grey or yellowish, composed or µglobose cells; apothecia mostly 0.3–7
mm diam.; disc plane to convex, pale to dark brown or yellow; ascospores
60–110 × 14–24 µm |
Sporopodium |
209: |
Exciple reduced; apothecial margin inconspicuous; thallus smooth, pale yellowish grey, with a
blackish prothallus; apothecia yellowish brown, convex, 0.2–0.4 mm diam.;
ascospores 50–72 × 14–18 µm |
Logilvia gilva |
| |
|
|
210(208:) |
Apothecia bright red, 0.3–0.5 mm diam., strongly
basally constricted; disc plane;
proper exciple thick, continuous below hymenium; thallus pale grey;
campylidia reddish in upper part |
Loflammia epiphylla |
210: |
Apothecia dark bluish-grey to µblack, 0.19–0.32 mm
diam., not basally constricted;
disc convex; proper exciple thin, inconspicuous, not continuous below
hymenium; thallus white to pale grey; campylidia pale bluish grey to dark
grey |
Kantvilasia hians |
